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"Women employees Health and hygiene."
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Bent out of shape : shame, solidarity, and women's bodies at work
\"Award-winning ergonomist Karen Messing is talking with women--women who wire circuit boards, sew clothes, clean toilets, drive forklifts, care for children, serve food, run labs. What she finds is a workforce in harm's way, choked into silence, whose physical and mental health invariably comes in second place: underestimated, underrepresented, understudied, underpaid. Should workplaces treat all bodies the same? With confidence, empathy, and humour, Messing navigates the minefield that is naming sex and biology on the job, refusing to play into stereotypes or play down the lived experiences of women. Her findings leap beyond thermostat settings and adjustable chairs and into candid, deeply reported storytelling that follows in the muckraking tradition of social critic Barbara Ehrenreich. Messing's questions are vexing and her demands are bold: we need to dare to direct attention to women's bodies, champion solidarity, stamp out shame, and transform the workplace--a task that turns out to be as scientific as it is political.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Desigulidades por razón de género en la salud ocupacional
La vida laboral tiene una gran importancia con relación al ordenamiento jerárquico de la sociedad desde el punto de vista de la riqueza, el poder y el prestigio. A su vez, estos generan desigualdades en la distribución de recursos, beneficios y responsabilidades. Puesto que la posición social se relaciona de manera estrecha con las oportunidades que se presentan y las condiciones de vida, también tiene una fuerte influencia sobre la buena salud. La tajante división del trabajo por razón de género, que se observa a nivel mundial en la esfera doméstica y en la pública, contribuye de manera significativa a determinar la posición social de las mujeres y los hombres en la sociedad y explica su diferente exposición laboral a factores que promueven la salud y factores que la perjudican. En este libro se describe cómo las desigualdades por razón de género en la salud ocupacional podrían estar vinculadas con la división sexual del trabajo en los países tanto de bajos como de altos ingresos.
eBook
The association between menstrual hygiene, workplace sanitation practices and self-reported urogenital symptoms in a cross-sectional survey of women working in Mukono District, Uganda
Women worldwide experience challenges managing their periods. Menstrual and genital hygiene behaviours have been linked to negative health outcomes, including urogenital symptoms and confirmed infections. However, evidence testing this association has been limited and mixed. This study aimed to (1) describe the menstrual care practices and prevalence of self-reported urogenital symptoms among working women in Mukono District, Uganda, and (2) test the associations between menstrual and genital care practices, and urogenital symptoms.
We undertook a cross-sectional survey of women aged 18-45 working in markets, schools, and healthcare facilities in Mukono District, with 499 participants who had menstruated in the past two months included in this analysis. We developed an aggregated measure of menstrual material cleanliness, incorporating material type and laundering practices. Associations with urogenital symptoms were tested using the aggregated material cleanliness measure alongside the frequency of changing materials, handwashing before menstrual tasks, and sanitation practices.
Among our sample, 41% experienced urogenital symptoms in the past month. Compared to women exclusively using disposable pads, using appropriately cleaned or non-reused improvised materials (PR = 1.33, 95%CI 1.04-1.71), or inadequately cleaned materials (improvised or commercially produced reusable pads) (PR = 1.84, 95%CI 1.46-3.42) was associated with an increased prevalence of self-reported urogenital symptoms in the last month. There was no difference between those using disposable pads and those using clean reusable pads (PR = 0.98; 95%CI 0.66-1.57). Infrequent handwashing before changing materials (PR 1.18, 95%CI: 0.96-1.47), and delaying urination at work (PR = 1.37, 95%CI: 1.08-1.73) were associated with an increased prevalence of self-reported symptoms.
Prevalence of self-reported urogenital symptoms was associated with the type and cleanliness of menstrual material used as well as infrequent handwashing and urinary restriction. There is a need for interventions to enable women to maintain cleanliness of their menstrual materials and meet their menstruation, urination and hand washing needs at home and work.
Journal Article
Breastfeeding policy: a globally comparative analysis
To explore the extent to which national policies guaranteeing breastfeeding breaks to working women may facilitate breastfeeding.
An analysis was conducted of the number of countries that guarantee breastfeeding breaks, the daily number of hours guaranteed, and the duration of guarantees. To obtain current, detailed information on national policies, original legislation as well as secondary sources on 182 of the 193 Member States of the United Nations were examined. Regression analyses were conducted to test the association between national policy and rates of exclusive breastfeeding while controlling for national income level, level of urbanization, female percentage of the labour force and female literacy rate.
Breastfeeding breaks with pay are guaranteed in 130 countries (71%) and unpaid breaks are guaranteed in seven (4%). No policy on breastfeeding breaks exists in 45 countries (25%). In multivariate models, the guarantee of paid breastfeeding breaks for at least 6 months was associated with an increase of 8.86 percentage points in the rate of exclusive breastfeeding (P < 0.05).
A greater percentage of women practise exclusive breastfeeding in countries where laws guarantee breastfeeding breaks at work. If these findings are confirmed in longitudinal studies, health outcomes could be improved by passing legislation on breastfeeding breaks in countries that do not yet ensure the right to breastfeed.
Journal Article
The Work Ability Index and single-item Question: Associations with Sick Leave, Symptoms, and health-a Prospective Study of Women on long-term Sick Leave
Objectives This study investigated the association between the work ability index (WAI) and the single-item question on work ability among women working in human service organizations (HSO) currently on long-term sick leave. It also examined the association between the WAI and the single-item question in relation to sick leave, symptoms, and health. Predictive values of the WAI, the changed WAI, the single-item question, and the changed single-item question were investigated for degree of sick leave, symptoms, and health. Methods This cohort study comprised 324 HSO female workers on long-term (>60 days) sick leave, with follow-ups at 6 and 12 months. Participants responded to questionnaires. Data on work ability, sick leave, health, and symptoms were analyzed with regard to associations and predictability. Spearman correlation and mixedmodel analysis were performed for repeated measurements over time. Results The study showed a very strong association between the WAI and the single-item question among all participants. Both the WAI and the single-item question showed similar patterns of associations with sick leave, health, and symptoms. The predictive value for the degree of sick leave and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was strong for both the WAI and the single-item question, and slightly less strong for vitality, neck pain, both self-rated general and mental health, and behavioral and current stress. Conclusion This study suggests that the single-item question on work ability could be used as a simple indicator for assessing the status and progress of work ability among women on long-term sick leave.
Journal Article
O-315 Can targeted workplace wellness initiatives improve menstrual hygiene management in apparel factories?
IntroductionMenstrual problems are an important contributor to poor productivity and sickness absenteeism in the garment industry even today. There are several socio-cultural barriers associated with menstruation which has led to a culture of silence surrounding its discussion.Objectives1. To assess the baseline knowledge regarding menstrual hygiene management among female employees working in selected apparel manufacturing industries in India. 2. To determine the change in knowledge and practices in menstrual hygiene and management following targeted workplace health trainings at the factories.MethodA before-after study design was followed to include 291 randomly chosen female employees between May-Dec 2022 from 15 apparel manufacturing factories across India. Baseline awareness and practices regarding menstrual hygiene was determined and the employees were provided a 4-module health training on menstrual hygiene management using the peer-peer educator model. Change in knowledge and practices were documented. Z-test of proportion was calculated.ResultsMost of the 291 female employees were in the active reproductive age group of 20–35 years of age (78%). Only 122 women(41.9%) were aware about internal reproductive organs and only 31(10.7%) of them know that menstrual blood originated from the uterus. Around 107 women(36.8%) knew about correct menstrual pad usage and disposal. Most women believed menstrual blood to be ‘impure’ and only 94 (32.3%) of them were aware about newer menstrual products like the reusable cloth pad and menstrual cup. Following the intervention, knowledge regarding reproductive organs, duration of menstruation, correct pad usage and disposal as well as newer menstrual hygiene products showed significant improvement (p<0.01).ConclusionsLow awareness regarding menstrual hygiene management will impact health seeking behaviour and increase presenteeism at the workplace. A well-designed workplace health intervention to create awareness and dispel myths regarding menstruation shall result in adoption of healthy practices and a healthier workforce.
Journal Article
Divorce and Women's Risk of Health Insurance Loss
This article bridges the literatures on the economic consequences of divorce for women with that on marital transitions and health by focusing on women's health insurance. Using a monthly calendar of marital status and health insurance coverage from 1,442 women in the Survey of Income and Program Participation, we examine how women's health insurance changes after divorce. Our estimates suggest that roughly 115,000 American women lose private health insurance annually in the months following divorce and that roughly 65,000 of these women become uninsured. The loss of insurance coverage we observe is not just a short-term disruption. Women's rates of insurance coverage remain depressed for more than two years after divorce. Insurance loss may compound the economic losses women experience after divorce and contribute to as well as compound previously documented health declines following divorce.
Journal Article
Welfare regimes, labour policies and unhealthy psychosocial working conditions: a comparative study with 9917 older employees from 12 European countries
BackgroundRecent analyses explored associations of welfare state regimes with population health, with particular interest in differences between social protection-oriented versus more liberal regimes. Little is known about such associations with work-related health. The aims of this contribution are (1) to study variations of quality of work according to type of welfare regime and (2) to analyse differences in the size of effects of quality of work on workers' health according to type of welfare regime.MethodsThe authors use cross-sectional and longitudinal data from two studies (‘Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe’ and the ‘English Longitudinal Study on Ageing’) with 9917 employed men and women (aged 50 to 64) in 12 European countries. Psychosocial quality of work is measured by low control and effort–reward imbalance at work. Depressive symptoms are introduced as a health indicator. Linear multilevel models and logistic regression analyses are performed to test the hypotheses. In addition to the welfare regime typology, the authors introduce labour policy and economy-related macro indicators.ResultsBetween-country variations in quality of work are largely explained by macro indicators and welfare regimes, with poorer quality of work in countries with less emphasis on older workers' protection. Moreover, in the Liberal and Southern welfare regime, effects of quality of work on depressive symptoms are relatively strongest (adjusted ORs varying from 1.45 to 2.64).ConclusionActive labour policies and reliable social protection measures (eg, Scandinavian welfare regime) exert beneficial effects on the health and well-being of older workers. More emphasis on improving quality of work among this group is warranted.
Journal Article
Factors Influencing the Decision to Extend Working Life or Retire
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate factors within nine identified areas that influence why some older workers want to (or believe they can) work until age 65 years or beyond, whereas others leave the workforce earlier. Methods The questionnaire-based, cross-sectional study included 1792 respondents aged 55–64 years, employed in the healthcare sector in Sweden. Using logistic regression, we investigated the associations between statements within nine areas and two outcome measures: (i) whether the individual wanted to work until age 65 years or beyond and (ii) whether the individual believed they can work until age 65 years or beyond. Results Of the 1792 respondents, 54% stated that they \"can\" and 38% that they \"want to\" work until age 65 years or beyond. Three areas were significantly associated with both these outcomes: worker health, economic incentives, and retirement decisions by life partners or close friends. Mental and physical working environment, work pace and skills/competence were associated with the \"can\" outcome, whereas work as an important part of life, working time, and management attitude to older workers were associated with the \"want to\" outcome. Conclusion Although there were differences regarding the associations between six of the areas and the two outcomes (ie, \"can\" and \"want to\" go on working until age 65 years or beyond), three of the areas were important to both outcomes. Among those, it was interesting that life partner or close social environment gave higher odds ratios than for example health, physical work environment, or work satisfaction.
Journal Article
Effects of chronic job insecurity and change in job security on self reported health, minor psychiatric morbidity, physiological measures, and health related behaviours in British civil servants: the Whitehall II study
Study objective: To determine the effect of chronic job insecurity and changes in job security on self reported health, minor psychiatric morbidity, physiological measures, and health related behaviours. Design: Self reported health, minor psychiatric morbidity, physiological measures, and health related behaviours were determined in 931 women and 2429 men who responded to a question on job insecurity in 1995/96 and again in 1997/99. Self reported health status, clinical screening measures, and health related behaviours for participants whose job security had changed or who remained insecure were compared with those whose jobs had remained secure. Setting: Prospective cohort study, Whitehall II, all participants were white collar office workers in the British Civil Service on entry to the study. Main results: Self reported morbidity was higher among participants who lost job security. Among those who gained job security residual negative effects, particularly in the psychological sphere were observed. Those exposed to chronic job insecurity had the highest self reported morbidity. Changes in the physiological measures were limited to an increase in blood pressure among women who lost job security and a decrease in body mass index among women reporting chronic job insecurity. There were no significant differences between any of the groups for alcohol over the recommended limits or smoking. Conclusion: Loss of job security has adverse effects on self reported health and minor psychiatric morbidity, which are not completely reversed by removal of the threat and which tend to increase with chronic exposure to the stressor.
Journal Article